This comes days ahead of a visit by President Donald Trump that is expected to be dominated by concerns over a volatile North Korea.
Mr Abe, 63, took office in December 2012, promising to reboot the stale economy and bolster defence.
His Liberal Democratic Party-led coalition retained its two-thirds “super majority” in parliament’s lower house in the October 22 election, reenergising his push to revise the post-war, pacifist constitution.
Mr Abe was expected to reappoint current cabinet ministers and tell them to compile an extra budget for the year to March 31, 2018 focusing on child care and boosting productivity.
In a telephone conversation on Monday, Mr Abe and President Trump agreed to work together on steps to counter Pyongyang’s nuclear and missile development.
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President Trump told Mr Abe “he is looking forward to his visit to Japan, that Japan and America are 100 percent together and there is no room to doubt the Japan-US alliance,” Japanese Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary Yasutoshi Nishimura told reporters.
The two leaders have developed a close personal relationship since President Trump was elected, and plan to play golf together during President Trump’s November 5-7 visit to Japan.