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Artist’s rendering of Astroscale’s APS-R Refueler spacecraft in orbit above Earth. | Credit: Astroscale
Astroscale to Attempt Groundbreaking Spacecraft Refueling Mission for U.S. Space Force
Astroscale U.S., the American branch of a firm specializing in on-orbit services and space logistics, is poised to undertake a challenging and ambitious mission in 2026: refueling two U.S. Space Force satellites while in orbit. This space refueling mission aims to demonstrate the viability of on-orbit servicing and enhance the operational capabilities of the Space Force.
Mission Overview: Paving the Way for In-Space Logistics
Revealed at the 40th Space Symposium in Colorado Springs on Tuesday, April 8th, this endeavor is designed to establish the foundation for scalable space refueling services. Astroscale stated that the mission will deliver “enhanced agility and operational flexibility for dynamic space operations” to the Space Force.
Launch and Spacecraft Details
The launch is presently slated for the summer of 2026. Astroscale’s APS-R Refueler, a spacecraft weighing approximately 660 pounds (300 kilograms), will be dispatched to geostationary orbit (GEO), situated roughly 22,236 miles (35,786 kilometers) above Earth’s equator.
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Rendezvous and Refueling Procedure
Positioned slightly above GEO, the APS-R Refueler will target one of two U.S. Space Force Tetra-5 satellites, scheduled for launch the following year. The mission entails docking with the designated satellite and transferring hydrazine propellant from a refillable tank to the target spacecraft.
Technological Challenges of Orbital Docking
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Both spacecraft will be orbiting at velocities of around 6,870 mph (11,050 kph), necessitating highly precise guidance, propulsion, and sensor systems to ensure a safe and successful docking maneuver.
Partnership with Orbit Fab and Multiple Refueling Tests
The mission incorporates a collaboration with startup Orbit Fab. The Tetra-5 satellites will be equipped with Orbit Fab’s Rapidly Attachable Fluid Transfer Interface (RAFTI), engineered to streamline the refueling process. Following the initial refueling of a Tetra-5 spacecraft, the APS-R Refueler will detach, conduct leak checks, and then proceed to an Orbit Fab fuel depot to replenish its propellant supply. Subsequently, APS-R will travel to a second, as-yet-unidentified spacecraft to perform another rendezvous, docking, and refueling demonstration.
Executive Perspectives on In-Space Servicing
Ron Lopez, president of Astroscale U.S., emphasized the transformative nature of the mission in a statement, asserting, “We’re redefining the boundaries of what’s achievable.” Lopez added, “This mission demonstrates that in-space logistics is not a distant prospect. Our dedicated team is focused on a singular objective: to deliver and operate a functional prototype spacecraft for the Space Force.”
Astroscale’s Broader Initiatives in Space
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Advancements in Space Debris Management and Satellite Life Extension
Astroscale is also actively involved in space debris removal through its ADRAS-J orbital inspection mission, which recently approached a defunct rocket stage. The company also launched the ELSA-d mission in 2021, further demonstrating its commitment to on-orbit servicing technologies.
Industry Precedents and Future Implications
Astroscale’s APS-R Refueler is not the pioneering spacecraft to attempt docking and life extension for orbiting assets. Northrop Grumman has previously tested satellite life-extension services with its Mission Extension Vehicle-1 and Mission Extension Vehicle-2 missions. Furthermore, China launched its Shijian 25 spacecraft in January, designed for in-orbit refueling and mission extension trials.
Transforming Satellite Design and Mitigating Space Debris
Such missions could revolutionize satellite design, promoting serviceability and potentially extending operational lifespans, while simultaneously contributing to the reduction of space debris in orbit.