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Spain’s Supreme Court is expected to issue a verdict in the trial of Catalan separatist leaders over their role in an independence referendum in 2017.
Spain has deployed more police in Catalonia, amid fears that a guilty ruling could spark more protests in the wealthy north-eastern region.
The 12 politicians and activists face charges ranging from rebellion to sedition and misuse of public funds.
They all deny the charges. Nine of them could face jail sentences.
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Separatists in Catalonia are planning mass civil disobedience if they are not acquitted.
There were clashes between police and protesters two years ago, when Catalonia’s pro-independence leaders went ahead with a referendum ruled illegal by Spain’s constitutional court.
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People in Barcelona have been staging protest rallies in support of the 12 Catalan leaders
During closing arguments in June, defence lawyers told the court their clients denied the charges of rebellion and sedition, but admitted to the lesser charge of disobedience, which could have seen them banned from public office – but avoid prison.
While the court is said to have ruled out convicting the 12 of the most serious charge of rebellion, the possibility of prison terms remains. The lesser charge of sedition, which does not involve encouraging violence, can still result in up to 12 years in jail.
Who are the 12 Catalan leaders?
Some held prominent positions in Catalonia’s government and parliament, others were influential activists and cultural advocates.
Following four months of hearings, the 12 defendants were each given 15 minutes to present their arguments to prosecutors on the final day of the trial on 12 June.
They told the court in Madrid that they were victims of an injustice in a trial built on “false” charges.
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The 12 defendants pictured in the court in Madrid on the final day of their trial
- Oriol Junqueras, former vice-president of Catalonia and highest-ranking pro-independence leader on trial: “Voting and defending the republic from a parliament cannot be a crime.”
- Jordi Cuixart, president of Catalan language and culture organisation Òmnium Cultural: “What we did on 1 October [holding the 2017 referendum] was an exercise of collective dignity.”
- Carme Forcadell, ex-speaker of the Catalan parliament: “I didn’t take part in any strategy, I restricted myself to fulfilling my duties as parliament speaker.”
- Jordi Turull, former Catalan government spokesman: “We weren’t looking to involve people [in the bid for independence], that already existed, and so a political solution had to be provided.”
- Joaquim Forn, former Catalan interior minister: “I defended the referendum as a politician, but told Catalan police to follow court orders.”
- Jordi Sànchez, activist and ex-president of the Catalan National Assembly: “I am the victim of an injustice – there are no ideas or principles that should be silenced.”
- Raül Romeva, former external relations minister: “There is no international treaty prohibiting the right to self-determination. Not even the Spanish Constitution.”
- Dolors Bassa, ex-labour minister: “It was always clear to us that if a lot of people turned out to vote, it would help us when negotiating [with Madrid]… independence was always seen as something to be agreed.”
- Josep Rull, former territorial minister: “People vote and it’s good that parties deliver… our manifesto was not challenged in court.”
- Carles Mundó, former justice minister: “The vote was not paid for with public funds, I saw [it] as a political protest.”
- Meritxell Borràs, former governance minister: “[The vote was] a political expression [that] held no legal consequences.”
- Santi Vila, former business minister: “I saw the referendum as a political protest.”
Nine of the defendants have already spent months in pre-trial detention. The remaining three were released on bail.
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Carles Puigdemont, the former Catalan president, escaped trial after fleeing Spain in late October 2017 before he could be arrested, along with four others.
What were the accusations?
Prosecutors argued that the unilateral declaration of independence was an attack on the Spanish state and accused some of those involved of a serious act of rebellion.
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Defendants also faced the accusation of misuse of public funds in organising the 2017 referendum.
Prosecutors say the leaders carried out a “perfectly planned strategy… to break the constitutional order and obtain the independence of Catalonia” illegally.
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Ms Forcadell, the former parliament speaker who read out the independence result on 27 October 2017, was also accused of allowing parliamentary debates on independence despite warnings from Spain’s Constitutional Court.
Some of the accused, speaking to the BBC ahead of the trial, said the proceedings were political in nature. Any violence, they said, was on the part of police and was committed against voters in a crackdown which made headlines around the world.
Three weeks after the banned 2017 vote, the Catalan parliament declared an independent republic.
Madrid stepped in to impose its rule on the region, and several Catalan leaders fled or were arrested.
What is behind the Catalonia controversy?
Catalan nationalists have long complained that their region, which has a distinct history dating back almost 1,000 years, sends too much money to poorer parts of Spain, as taxes are controlled by Madrid.
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The wealthy region is home to about 7.5 million people, with their own language, parliament, flag and anthem.
In September, a march in Barcelona in support of Catalonia’s independence from Spain drew crowds of about 600,000 people – one of the lowest turnouts in the eight-year history of the annual rally.