The service came as rescuers found a car containing a family of three among the concrete debris.
Officials have announced four more fatalities, bringing the death toll to 42.
Some families stayed away from the service, opting for private ones out of anger at the government.
Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte, Interior Minister Matteo Salvini and Transport Minister Danilo Toninelli attended the service on the national day of mourning.
But loud boos and jeers were heard as Italy’s former leader, Maurizio Martina, arrived for the service.
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His Democratic Party was in charge until last year’s election.
Italian President Sergio Mattarella struggled to hold back tears as he embraced weeping mourners while walking among coffins draped in white and yellow roses.
The occasion was too much for some.
One grieving man collapsed on a seat by a coffin as a woman tenderly cradled his head.
Some kissed and stroked caskets which were adorned with photographs of those who perished along with everyday possessions which were once so close to their hearts – a favourite cuddly toy, a football shirt or a scarf.
A small white coffin for a child, a poignant reminder of how young some of the victims were, was sprinkled with holy water by Genoa’s Archbishop Cardinal Angelo Bagnasco.
He gave a special mass at the city’s exhibition and trade centre, the only place big enough for so many coffins.
Players with the city’s two football teams, Genoa and Sampdoria, sat among the congregation to express their sympathy.
Both teams refused to play this weekend as a sign of respect.
Some families, however, chose not to join the service. Nunzia Esposito, whose 26-year-old son, Gerardo, died, said the Italian state was responsible for the collapse, adding: “The parade of politicians has been shameful.”
She said government officials should not have been seen at the victims’ funerals. Roberto Battiloro, whose son Giovanni was in the same vehicle as Gerardo, said: “We do not want farcical ceremonies.
“Our children are not a tool for public parades… it is among those who loved them that they will receive their farewell.”
Mauro Brezzo, chaplain of Genoa’s San Martino hospital, said: “Many do not want to take part in a showcase, and I understand them.”
Firefighters and police officers were applauded as they entered the exhibition centre.
A Genoa court will try to establish why a 660ft-long section of the 51-year old bridge collapsed last Tuesday, plunging scores of vehicles down on to homes 165ft below. Toll-road operator Autostrade, controlled by infrastructure group Atlantia, manages the section of the A10 linking Genoa to the French border.
On Friday Italy’s populist ruling coalition launched a formal procedure aimed at revoking concessions held by Autostrade to operate toll highways.
Ilaria Caprioglio, the mayor of the nearby town of Savona, said: “Now it is the time of grief… but we must think about the conditions of the roads of our region and the security of our infrastructure because these victims cannot be followed by others.”
The Transport Ministry has given Autostrade 15 days to show it has met all its contractual obligations, failing which Rome could consider it in breach of the terms of its concessions.
An engineering study of the bridge found anomalies in some of the stays. Stefano Della Torre, head of the Department of Architecture, Built Environment and Construction Engineering at Milan’s Politecnico university, said the study showed how the bridge stays reacted to vibration.
He said: “Elements which should have been reacting in the same way did not do so.” More than 600 people had to leave their apartments below the remaining spans of the bridge for fear of further collapse.
Officials have decided the buildings must be demolished as it is too dangerous to leave them.
Autostrade operates nearly 2,000 miles of motorway in Italy.