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While New Jersey has reported only three recent measles cases, two significant events may have amplified the likelihood of a measles outbreak within the state. Stay informed about measles symptoms and the importance of vaccination.
Measles Exposure at Newark Airport and Shakira Concert Raise Concerns
On May 15, state officials issued an alert to residents and travelers regarding a potential exposure at Newark Airport on May 12, between 12:30 p.m. and 4:00 p.m. ET. Subsequently, on May 20, the New Jersey Department of Health announced that an individual infected with measles was present at the sold-out Shakira concert held at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey, on the evening of May 15.
This year’s measles resurgence began in West Texas and has since spread, resulting in over 1,000 cases across at least 30 states and Washington, DC, according to reports. Given the upward trend in measles infections, many are evaluating their immunization status and seeking reassurance about their protection against this potentially serious illness.
The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicates that two doses of the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) vaccine offer 97% effectiveness in preventing measles, while a single dose provides 93% protection. Although rare, breakthrough cases can occur, with the first such instance of 2025 recently identified in Colorado.
To provide clarity on measles indicators and the necessity of revaccination, we consulted medical professionals for their expert perspectives.
Understanding Measles: Symptoms and Transmission
Recognizing Measles Symptoms in Adults and Children
Measles is among the most infectious viruses globally, characterized by a distinct set of symptoms, most notably a rash accompanied by fever, as highlighted by the CDC. The virus primarily spreads via airborne transmission and targets the respiratory system upon infection.
The Cleveland Clinic emphasizes that there is currently no specific cure for measles, and the infection must naturally resolve. However, vaccination remains the most effective preventative measure, typically administered to infants as the MMR vaccine (measles, mumps, and rubella).
Dr. Yoshua Quinones, a board-certified internist with Medical Offices of Manhattan, explains that measles commonly presents initially as “a very specific rash that starts from the face and spreads down your body.” Other typical symptoms include “high fever, cough, runny nose, and watery or red eyes.”
Dr. Quinones also notes, “Occasionally, small white spots, known as Koplik spots, may appear inside the mouth.”
While measles can affect individuals of all ages, the CDC reports that it poses a greater risk to children under 5 years old due to their less developed immune defenses, increasing their susceptibility to complications, especially if unvaccinated.
How the Measles Vaccine Works
The measles vaccine (MMR) protects against measles by stimulating the immune system. It also includes protection against mumps (an infectious viral disease affecting the salivary glands) and rubella (another contagious viral infection, often signaled by a facial rash). The MMRV vaccine also exists, incorporating protection against varicella, otherwise known as chickenpox.
“The vaccine contains a weakened form of the measles virus, allowing your body to practice fighting it off,” explains Dr. Quinones. “This prepares your immune system to combat measles upon exposure.”
Typically, the first dose is administered during infancy, followed by a second dose several years later. Vaccination is vital for children as their immune systems are still developing. The two recommended doses are best administered before they start school, where exposure to germs is higher.
Measles Vaccination: Who Should Get Vaccinated and When?
Recommended Vaccination Schedule for Children and Adults
Measles vaccines are routinely administered to children. The CDC advises that the first dose be given between 12 and 15 months, and a second between 4 and 6 years of age before children enter school. However, the timing can be flexible, provided that the doses are adequately spaced.
Vaccination is also suitable for adults who have not been previously vaccinated or lack immunity, although typically a single dose is sufficient. Dr. Omar Al-Heeti, an assistant professor of medicine at Southern Illinois University specializing in infectious diseases, suggests that adults born during or after 1957 should receive at least one dose of the MMR vaccine or have presumptive evidence of immunity.
According to Dr. Al-Heeti, presumptive evidence of immunity includes:
- Written confirmation of two doses of live measles or MMR vaccine administered at least 28 days apart.
- Laboratory evidence of immunity (positive serum IgG).
- Laboratory confirmation of the disease.
- Birth before 1957 (However, unvaccinated health-care personnel (HCP) born before 1957 who lack lab evidence of measles immunity or lab confirmation of disease, should consider vaccinating personnel with two doses of MMR vaccine at the appropriate interval.
The CDC advises that healthcare workers, college or university students, and international travelers receive two doses, separated by a minimum of 28 days, due to their higher risk of exposure.
Do You Need a Measles Booster?
In light of the ongoing measles outbreak, an additional vaccine is generally not necessary unless you are not fully vaccinated or lack proven immunity (previous infection/exposure).
Amesh A. Adalja, an infectious disease specialist and senior scholar at Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security, states, “If someone is fully vaccinated against measles (two doses) and does not have a major immunocompromising condition, their immunity should be sufficient without further dosages.”
The first measles vaccine is usually given to infants and toddlers, and then a second during the childhood years. At times, one dose may not be adequate, so a measles vaccine would be beneficial.
A report suggests that individuals originally vaccinated in the 1970s and 1980s may require revaccination due to potential waning immunity. This could stem from receiving only one dose, subsequent vaccine evolution, or incomplete medical records.
“If you already have your full series, you don’t need an additional dose; however, I highly recommend checking your titers if you have any doubts,” says Dr. Quinones. “An extra shot will never add extra protection because you’re very well protected.” According to Mount Sinai, an antibody titer test measures the level of antibodies in a blood sample to see which vaccines you may need.
Consult your health-care provider to confirm your MMR vaccination status to determine if a booster is needed, particularly if an outbreak is occurring in your area. If up to date and not immunocompromised, a booster is likely unnecessary. The CDC also states that adults with a single dose and documentation of vaccination or immunity most likely don’t need to get another shot.
Contraindications: Who Should Avoid the Measles Vaccine?
While the measles vaccine is generally safe, certain individuals should avoid it. Dr. Quinones advises against vaccination during pregnancy, recommending a waiting period of at least one month postpartum before vaccination.
The CDC also recommends that individuals who experienced an allergic reaction to the first MMR vaccine should refrain from the second dose. Furthermore, those with “severe, life-threatening” allergies should consult their doctor prior to vaccination.
Individuals with compromised immune systems should seek medical advice before vaccination, particularly if caused by disease or medical treatment. A family history of immunodeficiencies may also affect vaccination suitability.
The vaccines can also affect recent blood transfusions. Therefore, it’s not recommended to get the MMR or MMRV within at least three months of receiving blood from someone. You should also not get the vaccine if you currently have tuberculosis or bruise or bleed easily, according to the CDC.
The MMR doses need to be spaced out by at least 28 days, and you should also not get one of these doses if you’ve had another vaccine within 28 days as well. Inform your health-care provider about any recent illnesses to assess vaccination safety. Parents should also inform the doctor if their child has been sick or shown any previous symptoms of concern.
Those born before 1957 may already have immunity.
Measles Vaccine Safety and Side Effects
Understanding the Safety Profile of the Measles Vaccine
Medical experts and the CDC affirm the safety and efficacy of the measles vaccine. Mild side effects may occur post-vaccination but are typically temporary.
“The measles vaccine may cause fever, chills, and muscle aches in the days following the injection,” notes Dr. Adalja.
Dr. Quinones adds that soreness at the injection site is also possible.
Beyond this, the CDC reports possible swelling in the cheeks or neck, and in rare instances, a self-resolving bleeding disorder. Severe reactions, such as allergic reactions, could occur, requiring immediate medical attention, especially if characterized by breathing difficulties, significant swelling, or dizziness.
The CDC also acknowledges a marginal link between the MMR vaccine and febrile seizures, but this is rare and without long-term consequences. The organization recommends vaccinating children early to minimize this risk.
Addressing historical concerns, the CDC firmly refutes any association between vaccines and autism, citing expert research and stating, “There is no link between autism and vaccines that contain thimerosal as a preservative.”
Insurance Coverage for the Measles Vaccine
Navigating Health Insurance Coverage for the MMR Vaccine
Health Insurance Marketplace plans and private insurance typically cover the MMR vaccine (along with other routine vaccinations) without copayments or coinsurance, provided the provider is in-network, as per the CDC. Medicare, whether through Part B or Part D, and Medicaid generally cover the vaccine, but verification with the medical facility and Medicare/Medicaid is recommended.
Military benefits coverage may vary, but the MMR vaccine is likely covered, aligning with CDC recommendations.
Final Thoughts: Protecting Yourself from Measles
Despite the outbreak currently affecting the United States, properly vaccinated individuals typically do not require further vaccination. If you have concerns about the effectiveness of your vaccinations, especially if there is an outbreak in your area, consulting your healthcare provider is recommended to determine if a booster shot could be beneficial. Experts agree that the measles vaccine is safe and effective to protect against the virus.