When an enormous underwater volcanic eruption occurred in the South Pacific near Tonga on Saturday, satellites were in position to capture what had happened.
That’s because there’s a large and growing fleet of Earth observation spacecraft overhead. Some have constant eyes on particular regions of the Earth, meaning their data is immediately available to study, while others are tasked with making follow-up observations.
All of the information these satellites gathered will aid the emergency response, and help scientists better understand the event.
The weather satellites
There are a group of spacecraft that monitor weather systems from 36,000km (22,370 miles) above the Earth. They scan an entire hemisphere every few minutes, relaying images of what they see to the ground to inform up-to-date forecasts.
It was these meteorology satellites that recorded some of the most spectacular views of the volcano’s ash cloud as it climbed high into the sky.
During an eruption, the outpouring of ash makes it difficult to see what’s actually happening at ground level – unless you use radar technology which penetrates ash and cloud.
When the EU’s Sentinel-1A flew over the volcano late on Saturday, it was clear much of the edifice that stood above the waters of the Pacific Ocean had been destroyed.
But radar pictures can be quite hard to interpret if you are not used to looking at them.
So consider these more familiar views of the volcano obtained by the San Francisco-based Planet company. One of the images was acquired just a couple of hours before the eruption. Compare it with the above radar data, and you’ll be better able to grasp the ferocity of the blast.
A global shockwave
One of the most stunning aspects of the weather satellite views is the shockwave that moves out rapidly in all directions. This pressure wave from the explosive eruption covered the entire globe. The UK Met Office recorded its passing on barometers, not once but twice.
Another good example of the volcano’s impact on the atmosphere can be seen in the data retrieved by the European Space Agency’s Aeolus mission.
This satellite measures wind properties from the ground up to a height of 30km in the stratosphere. It does this by firing down an ultraviolet laser, but as Aeolus passed over the Pacific its light beam was blocked by all the material thrown into the sky.
It did, however, give us a good indication of the height of the ash cloud.
Effects on the climate
The biggest eruptions can act to cool the climate for a short period.
The Philippines’s Mount Pinatubo eruption in 1991 famously dropped Earth’s average global temperature by half a degree for a couple of years. The chief way volcanoes do this is by injecting vast quantities of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere. SO2 combines with water to make a haze of tiny droplets, or aerosols, that reflect incoming solar radiation.
The EU’s Sentinel-5P satellite can map the quantity and spread of sulphur dioxide.
Mapping the damage
The extent of the damage across the Tongan archipelago is still unclear. Inhabitants have had to deal with ash fallout and the flooding that resulted from tsunami waves. High-resolution satellites are now being tasked to map the many islands in the region, to help direct the emergency response to those places with the most urgent needs.