Honeybees (Apis mellifera) release warning pheromones in response to parasitic infection
William Mullins / Alamy
Honeybees produce a warning pheromone when parasites infect their hives – and the social stress caused by the warning might be more devastating than the parasites themselves.
A one-cell fungus called Nosema ceranae can infect the guts of individual bees, causing a disease called nosemosis. Similar to tapeworm infections in humans, nosemosis apparently makes bees hungrier and reduces their resistance to pesticides and probably viruses, but it is not particularly fatal. Yet, nosemosis is one of the top reasons honeybee populations are on the decline.
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Christopher Mayack at Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania suspected this might have something to do with how the fungus affects the bees’ social structures.
“Subtle changes in behaviour can be critical for the honeybee because it’s so highly social,” he says. “If their social harmony – really, their functioning as a group – gets disrupted, it can cause colony collapse, meaning complete dysfunction of the hive.”
Bees – like most social insects – use pheromones to communicate. To know how those pheromones – and hence social communication – alter during an N. ceranae infection, Mayack’s team vacuumed up 100 Apis mellifera forager bees from 30 different hives near Philadelphia – 18 of which had a N. ceranae infection. They then used a form of spectrometry to measure the bees’ pheromone production and their N. ceranae infestation rates.
One result of the analysis stood out: bees from the infected hives had much higher concentrations of (Z)-11-eicosen-1-ol, compared to those from the uninfected hives.
(Z)-11-eicosen-1-ol is a known “alert” pheromone that bees produce when they’re threatened by large invaders, like humans and bears. They release it particularly when they sting, or when they are crushed or killed. Bees also use it to mark flowers where they have already taken out the nectar. The chemical seems to serve as an important call to action, whether to repel or to attract.
In the case of N. ceranae infestations, this could mean that the pheromone stimulates the bees to care for their infected hive mates, Mayack says. However, it might also drive them to quarantine sick individuals – or even kill them. Either way, Mayack suspects the bees’ behaviour changes so much, it could destroy their healthy social balance.
“Just like with humans, if there’s too much stress, the social contracts can break down quite easily, and the functioning of the group won’t be carried out so well,” says Mayack.
He also wonders whether the pheromone might make infected hives more aggressive towards beekeepers. Even so, more studies are needed to determine exactly what’s going on with (Z)-11-eicosen-1-ol production in affected hives, he says.
Journal reference: Royal Society Open Science, DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210194
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