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The bridge is a new landmark on the Grand Canal
A Venice court has fined world-famous Spanish architect Santiago Calatrava €78,000 (£72,000) for alleged errors that made his Constitution Bridge on the Grand Canal more expensive.
The controversial bridge was beset with problems after its opening in 2008.
The Audit Court held Mr Calatrava responsible for going over-budget: the bridge cost €11.6m instead of €7m.
The court found that tubes were the wrong size, steps wore out too quickly and fixes were needed for wheelchairs.
The problems led to the court accusing Mr Calatrava, 68, of “macroscopic negligence”.
At the time of the bridge’s inauguration Mr Calatrava defended himself against his critics, saying the design was technically sound.
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The Valencia-based architect has won many international awards. Among his projects were the Turning Torso tower in Malmo, Sweden, and the World Trade Center Transportation Hub in New York.
It is the first bridge to be built in central Venice for 125 years, and links Santa Lucia train station with Piazzale Roma.
The glass-and-steel bridge is 94m (308ft) long and its width varies, from 5.58m to 9.38m.
A Venice engineer responsible for the bridge, Salvatore Vento, was also fined €11,000.
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The court took the view that the bridge mistakes were “all the more serious” because the project had been assigned to “a respected, world-famous professional, with a very high level of competence, with wide and proven experience in bridge construction”.
The 6 August decision overturned a 2015 ruling by the court, which had absolved Mr Calatrava over the extra costs.
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In 2008 Calatrava defended his project when challenged about the extra costs and alleged errors.
He said his studio had “nothing to do” with the construction of a platform for wheelchair users, undertaken by the Venice municipality.
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Santiago Calatrava in 2008 with the Grand Canal in the background
Mr Calatrava denied any material weaknesses, saying “the bridge was checked with sophisticated methods, which determined that it has a solid structure which is behaving better than expected”.
He also said extra the costs were linked to improvements to the canal-side areas next to the bridge.