The Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration was approved in July by all 193 member nations except the United States, which backed out last year.
Hungary’s right-wing government has since said it will not sign the final document at a ceremony in Morocco in December.
Poland, which has also clashed with Brussels by resisting national quotas for asylum seekers, is also considering withdrawing its support.
Chancellor Sebastian Kurz is an immigration hard-liner who rules in coalition with the far-right Freedom Party, which was launched in 1956 by former Nazi and SS Officer Anton Reinthaller.
Speaking at a time when the US news agenda is dominated by the so-called migrant caravan heading for the border with Mexico, which has prompted US President Donald Trump to deploy more than 5,000 troops, Mr Kurz said: “Austria will not join the UN migration pact.
“We view some points of the migration pact very critically, such as the mixing up of seeking protection with labour migration.”
Mr Kurz argued that migrants rescued in the Mediterranean should not be brought straight to Europe.
Vienna currently holds the rotating presidency of the European Union and its decision to back out of the pact now further demonstrates the fraying of unity in the 28-nation bloc over the politically fraught issue of migration.
Freedom Party head and Vice Chancellor Heinz-Christian Strache said Austria was concerned that the pact, though non-binding, could lead one day to a recognition of migration as a human right.
He added: “We reject any movement in that direction.
“Some contents of the Global Compact are diametrically opposed to our position
“Migration is not and can not become a human right.”
Austria took in roughly one percent of its population in asylum seekers in 2015 during a migration crisis in which more than a million people travelled to Europe, many of them fleeing war and poverty in the Middle East, Africa and elsewhere.
That experience dominated last year’s parliamentary election and helped propel Kurz’s conservatives to power. He has said he will prevent any repeat of that influx and has implemented policies that include restricting benefits for new immigrants.
The non-binding UN pact addresses issues such as how to protect people who migrate, how to integrate them into new countries and how to return them to their home countries.
The United Nations has hailed it as a historic and comprehensive pact that could serve as a basis for future policies.
UN officials in Geneva had no immediate comment on Vienna’s decision.
Austria will not send an envoy to the signing ceremony in Morocco and will abstain at a UN General Assembly vote on the pact next year, Kurz’s office said.
In a paper this month, the Brookings Institution, a US think-tank, said the pact “reflects widespread recognition, among even the most sceptical member states, that managing migration effectively is in the common interest”.
It said the deal could have far-reaching implication for more than 250 million people outside their own countries, as well as the communities that host them, but would depend greatly on implementation at the municipal level.
(Additional reporting by Maria Ortega)