WASHINGTON — The House passed a sweeping $1.5 trillion tax bill on Tuesday that slashes tax rates for corporations, provides new breaks for private businesses and reorganizes the individual tax code.
But just a few hours later, House members learned they would have to vote on the bill again on Wednesday. Democrats in the Senate persuaded the chamber’s parliamentarian that several minor provisions in the House bill violated Senate rules, forcing the House into an embarrassing second vote.
One of those provisions would allow 529 savings accounts, which are now used for college tuition, to help finance home schooling. Another would exempt a small tuition-free college in Kentucky from a new tax on endowments.
The Senate was expected to pass the bill on Tuesday after stripping out the provisions struck down by the parliamentarian. The Senate’s bill will then go back to the House for a final vote, after which President Donald Trump could sign the package, dubbed the Tax Cuts And Jobs Act, into law before week’s end. It would be his first significant legislative accomplishment and the biggest tax overhaul in a generation.
The Republican bill was approved on a 227-203 vote in the House, with no Democrats supporting it. Twelve Republicans also voted against the measure.
The bill, the product of negotiations between Republicans in the House and Senate, achieves longtime Republican goals, including a permanent reduction in the corporate tax rate to 21 percent from 35 percent that supporters argue will make American business more competitive overseas.
Many pass-through businesses also receive a more complicated 20 percent deduction, which became a subject of fierce debate after the final bill added a provision likely to benefit real estate companies like Trump’s.
House Speaker Paul Ryan, R-Wis., spoke on the House floor moments before the vote and said the legislation will “help hard-working Americans who have been left behind for too long.”
“Today, we are giving the people their money back,” he said, adding that a typical family would get a $2,059 tax cut next year.
Debate in the Senate on Tuesday night could go on for as long as 10 hours, but passage is virtually a certainty. No Senate Democrats are expected to back the plan, but Republicans have enough votes to pass the bill on their own.
Democrats opposed bill as a boon to the wealthy while offering little for the middle class, with House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, D-Calif., calling it “the worst bill to ever come to the floor of the House.”
There were a number of protesters in Congress on Tuesday, on both the House and Senate sides, including one who interrupted Ryan when he was speaking. In the Senate gallery, a demonstrator began shouting “Save our health care!” when Sen. Orrin Hatch, R-Utah, was talking on the floor.
The GOP bill lowers individual tax rates, including the top bracket to 37 percent from 39.6, while doubling the standard deduction and replacing personal exemptions with a $2,000 partly refundable child tax credit. It eliminates various deductions while limiting others on state and local taxes and mortgage interest. It also exempts larger inheritances from the estate tax, doubling the thresholds to $11 million for individuals and $22 million for married couples.
The bill also has significant implications for health care, where it abolishes the Affordable Care Act’s penalty for Americans who don’t purchase insurance. The Congressional Budget Office estimates that change would lead 13 million more Americans to go without coverage after a decade and cause premiums on the individual market to rise 10 percent per year.
At the White House, Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders, anticipating final passage of the bill in the Senate on Tuesday night, said, “The president will have delivered the most significant tax cut in the history of the nation.”
“We will look forward to signing it, hopefully in the next couple days,” she added.
Sanders also defended claims by the president — which tax experts say are likely wrong — that his own taxes would go up under the legislation, saying that the bill “certainly, on the personal side, could cost the president a lot of money.”
While Trump has bucked tradition by refusing to release his tax returns, he is likely to benefit from cuts to the top income tax rate and especially from a new 20 percent deduction for pass-through businesses that’s favorable to commercial real estate companies. His family would also benefit from the bill’s changes to the estate tax.
“Yeah, the president will benefit from that (pass-through cut), but so many Americans benefit when commercial real estate becomes easier and more accessible,” Rep. Matt Gaetz, R-Fla., told MSNBC on Tuesday.
The ultra-rich fare well in the tax bill overall. An analysis by the non-partisan Tax Policy Center found that 83 percent of households in the top 0.1 percent would receive a tax break in 2018 with an average benefit of $193,380. For the middle 20 percent of earners, the average tax cut would be $930. Over half the bill’s total benefits would go to the top 10 percent of earners.
While Republicans are enthusiastic about their efforts, the legislation is intensely unpopular with the American public, with numerous surveys showing voters skeptical they’ll gain from its temporary cuts to individual rates in comparison to shareholders, business owners and the wealthy.
An NBC/Wall Street Journal poll released on Tuesday found 24 percent of respondents support the bill, versus 41 percent opposed. And 63 percent say it was designed primarily to benefit corporations and the rich, versus 22 percent who say it’s aimed at all Americans equally, and just 7 percent who say it’s for the middle class.
Separate polls by Quinnipiac, Marist and Monmouth this month found support for GOP tax efforts in the mid-20s, with other surveys placing it somewhat higher.
“Republicans will rue the day that they pass this tax bill because it’s so unfair to the middle class,” Senate Minority Leader Chuck Schumer, D-N.Y., said shortly before the House vote. “It so blows a hole in our deficit, it so threatens Social Security, Medicare and Medicaid. They will rue the day.”
Republican lawmakers argue that voters will come around to the legislation as members tout its benefits at home and taxpayers see gains in their own returns and in the broader economy. Trump boasted in a tweet on Tuesday that the stock market had risen in recent months.
“I don’t think we’ve done a good job messaging,” Rep. Greg Walden, R-Ore., told reporters ahead of the vote. “I don’t think we’ve gotten out there the specifics and the final bill has only come together in the last week or so.”
The White House director of legislative affairs, Marc Short, said Americans’ opinion of the GOP tax plan would improve in the months ahead.
“I think that is going to change, we will see once the economy continues to roar and people begin to see more coming in their paycheck,” Short said on MSNBC.
The Joint Committee on Taxation, the official Congressional scorekeeper, estimates every income group would receive an average tax cut next year. But the JCT also found taxes would go up for lower incomes over time, in part because fewer eligible taxpayers would choose to receive health care subsidies through the ACA. By 2027, every income group making less than $75,000 would see a net tax increase.
The nonpartisan Tax Policy Center, which did not factor in the health care changes, estimated that 80 percent of taxpayers would see a tax cut in 2018 and 4.8 percent see a tax increase, with many low-income households seeing little change either way. But the portion of taxpayers facing a tax increase would rise to 53.4 percent in 2027, when the bill’s temporary tax breaks expire. Republicans argue future Congresses will extend those breaks.